Timeline of Brown v. Board of Education

In 1954, in a unanimous decision, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state laws segregating public schools for African-American and white children were unconstitutional. The case, known as Brown v. Board of Education overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling, which was handed down 58 years earlier. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling was a landmark case that cemented the inspiration for the Civil Rights Movement.   The case was fought through the legal arm of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which had been fighting civil rights battles since the 1930s. 1866 The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is established to protect the civil rights of African-Americans. The act guaranteed the right to sue, own property, and contract for work. 1868 The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified. The amendment grants the privilege of citizenship to African-Americans. It also guarantees that a person cannot be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law. It also makes it illegal to deny a person equal protection under the law. 1896 The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in an 8 to 1 vote that the â€Å"separate but equal† argument presented in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. The Supreme Court rules that if â€Å"separate but equal† facilities were available for both African-American and white travelers there was no violation of the 14th Amendment. Justice Henry Billings Brown wrote the majority opinion, arguing The object of the [Fourteenth] amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to endorse social, as distinguished from political, equality[...] If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them upon the same plane. The sole dissenter, Justice John Marshal Harlan, interpreted the 14th Amendment in another way contending that â€Å"our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.† Harlan’s dissenting argument would support later arguments that segregation was unconstitutional.   This case becomes the basis for legal segregation in the United States. 1909 The NAACP is established by W.E.B. Du Bois and other civil rights activists. The purpose of the organization is to fight racial injustice through legal means. The organization lobbied to legislative bodies to create anti-lynching laws and eradicate injustice in its first 20 years. However, in the 1930s, the NAACP established a Legal Defense and Education Fund to fight legal battles in court. Headed by Charles Hamilton Houston, the fund created a strategy of dismantling segregation in education.   1948   Thurgood Marshall’s strategy of fighting segregation is endorsed by the NAACP Board of Directors.  Marshall’s strategy included tackling segregation in education. 1952 Several school segregation cases, which had been filed in states such as Delaware, Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington DC, are combined under Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. By combining these cases under one umbrella shows the national significance. 1954 The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously rules to overturn Plessy v. Ferguson. The ruling argued that the racial segregation of public schools is a violation of the 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause. 1955 Several states refused to implement the decision. Many even consider it, â€Å"[N]ull, void, and no effect† and begin establishing laws arguing against the rule. As a result, the U.S. Supreme Court issues a second ruling, also known as Brown II. This ruling mandates that desegregation must occur â€Å"with all deliberate speed.† 1958 Arkansas’ governor, as well as lawmakers, refuse to desegregate schools. In the case, Cooper v. Aaron  the U.S. Supreme Court remains steadfast by arguing that states must obey its rulings as it is an interpretation of the U.S. Constitution.

Drug Addiction Essay - 1926 Words

Drug Addiction for Dummies Your Name Here School Name COM 150 Expository Essay Allison Howry February 3, 2008 Thesis Addiction is defined as an overuse of any substance that changes the natural chemical balance of the brain. It is generally agreed upon that addiction includes biological, psychological, and behavioral factors. Introduction Addictions are very dangerous emotionally, psychologically, and physically. There are three main points to an addiction - the actual addiction and the symptoms, the addiction cycle (downhill spiral), and how to treat or where to treat an addiction. This essay will outline the main points for an addict and will serve as a guide for an addict or family of an addict. Addictions are very†¦show more content†¦A person’s body, in almost every aspect of its being, is addicted when one is a mild to chronic user and abuser. The nervous system, brain, and muscle tissue are all living in anticipation of the next high. So, for the addict, it is crucial that the cycle of behavior, is broken. The addict needs to pull up the anchor that keeps them from moving forward. This means changing environments, patterns and even sometimes friends and social associates. Once an addict has made the personal commitment to change old habits, the next step is to establish new, safe and positive influences in their life. These can be found in quality support groups, hospital substance abuse centers and drug rehab centers. No matter what the setting, it is important to be around strangers. Being in proximity to familiar places and people may promote the tendency to fall back into old thoughts and behaviors. Of the aforementioned options, private drug rehabilitation retreats seem to be gaining popularity, in part, due to the impressive success rate they boast. What parents should know about drug addiction Drug and substance abuse among children, especially teens, is substantial. According to the most recent statistics available, (http://www.nationalyouth.com) 1.1 million of our youth age 12 to 17 meet the diagnostic criteria for dependence on drugs and approximately 1 million of our American youth (http://www.drugabusestatistics.samhsa.gov/) are being treated forShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : Drugs And Heroin Addiction1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe arguments for whether or not to prescribe heroin to treat heroin addictions are controversial. 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He was a smart kid with a good head on his shoulders.   As he grew older he made some unwise choices with regard to substance abuse that quickly turned into a full blown addiction lasting over five years and landed him in and out of four different rehabs.   He was striving to get clean, but every time he took one step forward he fell three steps back.   Taylor entered Drug Court, after finding himself inRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drugs1017 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s society, it is now normal to know somebody who has a drug addiction especially to opiates. A dr ug addiction is a mental disorder that the person can no longer control their actions. The person addicted to the drug will no longer care about the outcome of their actions as long as they can get that high they are seeking. **from textbook pg. 303** â€Å"Opioids are classified as narcotics- strongly addictive drugs that have pain relieving and sleep-inducing properties. Opioids include both naturally

History of the U.S. Health Care Delivery System - 1169 Words

Introduction: In order to understand current health delivery services changes and formulate predictions, one must thoroughly comprehend the three developmental eras of the health care system. The evolution of our current health care system began in 1850, and has metamorphosed in three time periods, 1850 to 1900, 1900 to World War II (WW II), and WW II to 2009. Significant distinct and overlapping trends in disease prevalence, availability of health care resources, social organizations, and the publics knowledge and perception of health and illness and technology. Disease Prevalence 1850 - 1900: Epidemics of Acute Infections These public health disasters were related to the congested and unsanitary food supply, sewage disposal,†¦show more content†¦Nursing care was unscientific and consisted of assisting patients with usual body functions; and was typically administered by women of a religious order or by women who by nature of their lifestyle frequented hospitals. Hospital care was for the poor and destitute; since home based medical care was better than risking additional infections in the dirty, crowded, and disease-ridden hospitals. During the typhus epidemic of 1852, hospital staff and patients suffered the greatest morbidity and mortality. (Ranade , 199817-19) 1900 - World War II: Birthing of Scientific Medicine New discoveries spawn more medical research in medical colleges. In 1910, Abraham Flexner of the Carnegie Foundation publishes his study on medical education, and induces major medical education reform. Medical knowledge flourishes and specialists account for 20% of physicians in 1940. Hospitals begin to embellish new medical technology as physicians relied on the hospital as a source of access to new technology and as a facility in which to care for their sickest patients. 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Nightmare World Essay Example For Students

Nightmare World Essay Analasys of Nightmare WorldBy Luke MillerIn the essay, Nightmare World by Stanley J. Solomon, he talks about how a horror film is a safe place to confront fear and violence that pervades our life. Its the fear in our minds that we have, and it is the fear that we can release by watching a scarey movie. One thing that he doesnt discuss that I wish that he would have, is how he doesnt get into any different medias. Stanley J. Solomon really elaborates very well about how the American scarey movie is a great place to really let our fears out. It is a safe contained atmosphere where nothing physically negitive can happen to you. The scarey movie is really a rarity in todays society if you look in the past, there might not be as many scary movies, but in ratio to todays movies it is a lot higher. Just because therre is a lot more junk on the silver screen today. The visual images in a scarey movie really represents our fears in our minds. Like the huge shark in Jaws is a evil image that represents fear in our minds. But it is the fears in our minds that needs to be realeased. And that is where the horror film comes into play, giving us a safe enviornment to watch and release those fears. As compared to going out o a boat and trying to get as close as you can to death. For on reason it is a lot cheaper to spend your 6 dollars at a movie theater, compared to hundreds or thousands out on a boat in th e unpredictable atomosphere of the ocean. One person that could really bring out fears that lurk in the Nightmare World of our head, was Alfred Hitchcock. He would use a couple different kinds of danger to scare the veiwer. He would use the kind where the person that is going to get murdered doesnt even know that it is coming, but yet the veiwer can see it clear as day, and the viewer can almost predict how the victim is going to get murdered. The second type that Alfred Hitchcock was really great at, is where everyone knows that the victim is in trouble including the victim. It is really just a waiting game, as to when and how he/she is going to get killed. In most of these situatoins it is a helpless young attractive female who knows the killer is in her house and is just waiting to get slain. One movie that really portrays this well is the Scream triligy. On thing that Stanley J. Solomon never got around to in his essay is other forms of media that could be used to get into our own Nightmare World. He talks about how only movies can get our endorphons going, but what about a good book? I know that when I get involved in a good book that I totally block out everybody and everything else, just to focus on the book. One thing that a book can do for you, or you do it for yourself, is that with a book you can read the discription of the character, but you get to picture him/her in your own way in your head, which might let you get rid of some of the gears that we might have built up in our heads. Another media that really is just now getting exposed is books on tape. They let you totally relax to a reader which might even be the author, describe the story in his/her own thought and voice. Thus letting you totally relax into the story and hearing it the way that it was ment to be. This method of media would also allow you to release the hor rors of your own Nightmare World. .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 , .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .postImageUrl , .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 , .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:hover , .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:visited , .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:active { border:0!important; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:active , .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1 .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a67a9d0e80fc7e39298390ec05b16f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Antisocial personality disorders EssayAll together many different things contribute factors to our nightmare world. But most importantly, we can release all of these fears in the safe envirnment of our own heads. English Essays